Modeling of the resilient supply chain system from a perspective of production design changes

Building an effective resilient supply chain system (RSCS) is critical and necessary to reduce the risk of supply chain disruptions in unexpected scenarios such as COVID-19 pandemic and trade wars. To overcome the impact of insufficient raw material supply on the supply chain in mass disruption scenarios, this study proposes a novel RSCS considering product design changes (PDC). An RSCS domain model is first developed from the perspective of PDC based on a general conceptual framework, i.e., function-context-behavior-principle-state-structure (FCBPSS), which can portray complex systems under unpredictable situations. Specifically, the interaction among the structure, state and behavior of the infrastructure system and substance system is captured, and then a quantitative analysis of the change impact process is presented to evaluate the resilience of both the product and supply chain. Next, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the PDC strategy and to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the RSCS domain model. The results show that the restructured RSCS based on the proposed strategy and model can remedy the huge losses caused by the unavailability of raw materials.

Supply chain resilience strategies and their impact on sustainability: an investigation from the automobile sector

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to propose a framework comprising supply chain (SC) resilience strategies to handle low-frequency high impact disruptive events. This study also evaluates the impact of SC resilience strategies' implementation on the triple bottom line of SC sustainability.Design/methodology/approachA hybrid three-phased method is proposed to meet the research objectives of this study. In the first phase, this study uses the Delphi technique to select SC resilience strategies and SC sustainability dimensions. In the second phase, the best–worst method is used to assess the relative weights of resilience strategies. Finally, in the third stage, summative Likert scoring is used to understand the impact of SC resilience strategies on the SC sustainability triple bottom line.FindingsThe outcomes reveal that firms give due importance to inter-organizational relationships and supplier nearness for supply continuity. In the sustainability context, the obtained scores proved that resilience strategies have the maximum impact on economic sustainability, followed by environmental sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that examines aspects of SC resilience strategies and quantifies their impact on the triple bottom line of SC sustainability. This study is specific to the automobile sector;sectoral diversity may expose similarities and dissimilarities in the approach.Practical implicationsThe outcome establishes that supplier–manufacturer relationships need to be strengthened further to tackle any future uncertainties. Besides, supplier location decisions may also be revisited. The strategies proposed will aid SC managers to make informed decisions to prepare for uncertain events.Originality/valueIn the face of uncertain events, often SCs trade-off sustainability in pursuit of resilience. It manifests that resilience is a prerequisite for SC sustainability. While planning SCs, organizations often choose either sustainability or resilience. Thus, this study acknowledges the need to develop effective SC resilience strategies that are in harmony with the sustainability agenda.

Creating resilient supply chains through a culture of measuring

The COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing disruptions to global supply chains have brought risk management to the fore. While guidance on risk management is proliferating, an area that is largely untapped is risk measurement. The pandemic has made us realize the criticality of risk measurement and the need to develop a culture of continuous measuring. Based on our interviews with purchasing and supply management (PSM) professionals about how they measure and manage risk, we offer a framework integrating how to rethink risk measurement, how to continuously measure risk, how to translate measurement into action, and how to establish a culture of continuous measuring. It captures a shift in mindset that is needed to truly take risk measurement to the next level. Once this is accomplished, it can help PSM professionals build more resilient supply chains. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Resilient supply chain network design without lagging sustainability responsibilities

In the 21st century, global supply chains have experienced severe risks due to disruptions caused by crises and serious diseases, such as the great tsunami, SARS, and, more recently, COVID-19. Building a resilient supply chain is necessary for business survival and growth. Similarly, there is increasing regulatory and social pressure for managers to continuously design and implement sustainable supply chain networks, encompassing economic, social, and environmental components. Hence, a panacea approach is required to establish a compromise position between resiliency concerns and sustainability responsibilities. To address this, this work presents a hybrid integrated BWM-CoCoSo-multi-objective programming model (BC-MOPM) formulated to deliver a compromise between resilience and sustainability supply chain network design (RS-SCND). First, a thorough literature review analysis is conducted to explore the relationship and correlation between resilience and sustainability to develop a framework for the resiliency and sustainability criteria, in a supply chain context. Second, four objectives were formulated, including the minimisation of total cost and environmental impact and the maximisation of social and resilience paradigms. A real two-tier supply chain network is deployed to evaluate the applicability of the developed BC-MOPM. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is conducted to establish the relative importance of the identified criteria to prove the model's robustness. Results demonstrate the capability of the BC-MOPM in revealing trade-offs between the resiliency and sustainability aspects. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Viable Supply Chain Management toward Company Sustainability during COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia

Since the pandemic first appeared in early 2020, the manufacturing industry across the globe has experienced a decline. Concerns regarding public health were present at the start of the new decade, and as the pandemic reached its peak in March 2020, manufacturers all over the world were forced to contend with high demand, reduced workforce requirements, subsequent lockdowns, and major disruptions to their supply chains to prevent the global spread of the pandemic. No research has been done on the interaction of these variables because the idea of VSCM is still relatively new, particularly in Malaysia's manufacturing industry. The purpose of this study is to present management researchers with a novel idea for coping with a pandemic situation in today's business environment. Furthermore, the purpose of this research is to determine VSCM practices that contribute to company sustainability so that such future incidents can be controlled and revamped. The report also advocated a VSCM framework to improve supply chain resilience and sustainability. This study's objective is to analyze the relationship between viable supply chain management (VSCM) practices and company sustainability for manufacturing companies in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic. 197 respondents from Malaysian manufacturing companies were surveyed using a quantitative approach. Using PLS-SEM analysis, all surveys are examined. As a result, the direct relationship between VSCM and company sustainability has demonstrated a significant positive effect. The implication of this study is to strengthen the viability and reliability of viable supply chain management and contribute further to the COVID-19 outbreak's impact on company sustainability. Moreover, a successful supply chain model would guarantee that manufacturers are compelled to respond swiftly to safeguard and support their employees and maintain operations that are critical lifelines for consumers and communities. © 2023 by the authors.

Quality function deployment-based framework for the resilient supply chain

The concept of the resilient supply chain has appeared to be one of the essential tools to survive, compete and grow during disturbances and uncertainties. During the current pandemic and the Suez Canal blockage, this concept has once again proven its utility. In this research work, we explore the resilient supply chain's concept, capabilities, and practices. In addition, an attempt is made to quantify the resilient performance of an Indian manufacturing organisation. For this research, we have used a quality function deployment integrated with the weighted sum method approach. This research brings about new insights into the concept of risk management through the resilient supply chain. It also suggests the portfolios of the resilient practices that enable the organisations to be prepared and recover from the major disruptions. Copyright © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Tourism sustainability during COVID-19: developing value chain resilience

The aim of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of prospective tourists through parameters by which the tourism and hospitality service sector can withstand the widespread implications to the sector as a result of the current pandemic. In turn this will lead to weighing up the means for recovery. The identified parameters are then classified, categorized and linked up with supply chain drivers to obtain a holistic picture that can feed into strategic planning from which the tourism and hospitality service sector could utilize to establish a resilient supply chain. This data can provide deep insight for both theorists and practitioners to utilize. It was found that reforming six supply chain drivers, whilst at the same time developing core competencies, is the central essence of a resilient supply chain within the tourism and hospitality business sector (who are at present working hard to counterbalance the many threats and consequent risks posed due to the pandemic).

Personal protective equipment market coordination using subsidy.

During a pandemic, various resources, including personal protective equipment (PPE), are required to protect people and healthcare workers from getting infected. Due to the high demand and limited supply chain, countries experience a shortage in PPE products. This global crisis imposes a decline in the international trade of PPE supplies. In fact, most governments implement a localization strategy motivating domestic manufacturers to pivot their operations to respond to PPE demands. An oligopolistic market cannot reach the socially optimal coverage without government subsidies. On the other hand, the government subsidy pays the proportion of production costs to reach the socially optimal coverage, while the government's budget is limited. Therefore, the government collaborates with manufacturers via procurement contracts to increase the supply of PPE products. We propose the first supply chain model of PPE products that investigates manufacturer costs and government expenditure. We consider how different behavioral aspects of manufacturers and government can self-organize towards a system optimum. Additionally, we integrate the consumer surplus, producer surplus, and societal surplus into the game model to maximize social benefit. A cost-sharing contract under the system optimum between government and manufacturers is designed to increase the production of PPEs and hence, helps in reducing the number of infected individuals. We conducted our computational study on real data generated from the mask usage during the Covid-19 pandemic in Los Angeles (LA) County to respond to the reported PPE shortage. Under the socially optimal strategy, the PPE coverage increases by up to 33%, and the number of infected individuals reduces by up to 30% compared to other strategies.

Designing a resilient retail supply network for fresh products under disruption risks.

The retail sector supplies the daily fresh products and increasingly plays a key role in the stability and livability of cities. However, public health events such as COVID-19 have caused frequent product shortages in recent years. The risk of fresh product shortages not only causes retailers to lose profits, but also affects the normal life of residents. In this paper, we address the problem of designing a resilient retail supply network for fresh products under the supply disruption risks and propose a bi-objective mixed-integer programming model. This model can help retailers to select suppliers, distribution centers and transportation routes under different scenarios and implement three resilience strategies, namely, priority supply, multiple sourcing and lateral transshipment. We use the ε -constraint method to transform the multi-objective problem into a single objective model and develop a Lagrangian relaxation algorithm to solve the different scale instances. This model is solved for a real-life case of a supermarket to obtain managerial insights. In the case study, this paper shows the set of Pareto fronts with different inventory periods, maximum allowed decay and decay rate. We calculate the expected total cost under targeted disruption scenarios and evaluate the effectiveness of these resilience strategies when implemented concurrently or separately. Our results identify the most critical suppliers and distribution centers that should be fortified. We elaborate that more resilience strategies are not always better and managers need to take appropriate resilience strategies according to their own problems.

Reshaping healthcare supply chain using chain-of-things technology and key lessons experienced from COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 (Corona virus disease 2019) pandemic continues to slash through the entire humanity on the earth causing an international health crisis and financial uncertainty. The pandemic has formed a colossal disruption in supply chain networks. It has caused piling higher mortality in patients with comorbidities and generated a surging demand for critical care equipment, vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and cutting-edge technologies. Personal protective equipment, masks, ventilators, testing kits, and even commodities required for daily care have been scarce as lockdown and social distancing guidelines have kicked in. Amidst COVID-19, implementing and executing key processes of the healthcare supply chain (HSC) in a secured, trusted, effective, universally manageable, and the traceable way is perplexing owing to the fragile nature of the HSC, which is susceptible to redundant efforts and systemic risks that can lead to adverse impacts on consumer health and safety. Though the crisis shone a harsh light on the cracks and weaknesses of the HSC, it brings some significant insights into how HSC can be made more resilient and how healthcare industries figure out solutions to mitigate disruptions. While there are innumerable experiences learned from the disruption of this crisis, in this paper, five important areas to analyze the most vital and immediate HSC enhancements including building a resilient supply chain, thinking localization, implementing reliable reverse logistics, breaking down extant silos to achieve end-to-end visibility, and redesigning HSC using digitalization are emphasized. This work identifies important features related to CoT and HSC. Also, this study links these lessons to a potential solution through Chain of Things (CoT) technology. CoT technology provides a better way to monitor HSC products by integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) with blockchain networks. However, such an integrated solution should not only focus on the required features and aspects but also on the correlation among different features. The major objective of this study is to reveal the influence path of CoT on smart HSC development. Hence, this study exploits (i) fuzzy set theory to eliminate redundant and unrelated features; (ii) the Decision-Making and Experimental Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to handle the intricate correlation among different features. This fuzzy-DEMATEL (F-DEMATEL) model attempts to direct CoT technology towards smart HSC by identifying the most influencing factors and investors are recommended to contribute to the development of application systems. This work also demonstrates how CoT can act a vital role in handling the HSC issues triggered by the pandemic now and in the post-COVID-19 world. Also, this work proposes different CoT design patterns for increasing opportunities in the HSC network and applied them as imperative solutions for major challenges related to traditional HSC networks.

Assessing Supply Chain Performance in the Covid 19 Context: A Prospective Model

The Covid-19 pandemic [1] has severely disrupted companies' activities, especially in their supply chains. Indeed, the crisis has generated a disruption of supplies and therefore of supply and demand in different countries [2], a transformation of customer and supplier paradigms [3], and a revitalization of transport and logistics modes ([4];[1]). If the crisis continues to disrupt both the design and the management of companies' supply chains [5], the measurement of their performance, which is already largely controversial, must be revisited. This study aims at proposing the measurement of the performance of SCs with respect to the challenges and opportunities induced by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Its objective is to propose a prospective model for evaluating this performance in the post-pandemic period. The study analyzes the existing literature and proposes a set of indicators to measure the performance of SCs through a prospective approach. The indicators selected are relatively global and integrate financial and non-financial, strategic, tactical and operational dimensions. © 2022 IEEE.

Resilient supply chain network design: a systematic literature review

The modern global economy has developed interconnected and complex supply chains largely due to the benefits companies have found in sophisticated trends and strategies;however, these practices are not without risk. In the wake of disruptions caused by COVID-19, natural disasters, Brexit, and the US–China trade war, supply chain resilience has become more important than ever. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent literature on resilient supply chain network design (RSCND). The focus was on studies that used a quantitative approach. This study utilised a systematic literature review methodology to evaluate the body of literature on RSCND. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) exploring and analysing existing literature on RSCND, particularly focusing on different types of resilience measures used from an analytical modelling perspective;(2) presenting a new way to classify the quantitative resilience measures used for RSCND and clarifying the implications of incorporating it in terms of costs and benefits;and (3) identifying the gaps and limitations of existing literature and proposing a list of potential issues for future research directions. An analysis of the literature shows that existing resilience measures mainly focus on the resilience of the nodes. The benefits of incorporating resilience measures in the RSCND are illustrated quantitatively in terms of monetary value, lost sales, and demand fulfilment. This study is the first attempt to combine studies on the RSCND using quantitative resilience measures. This study can serve as a starting point for understanding the different resilience measures discussed in the literature, how to incorporate them in designing new or redesigning existing supply chain networks, and the benefits associated with their implementation. Although only 21 studies were found in the analysis, we believe that this topic has a huge scope for future research. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Transport Reviews is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Analyzing organizational barriers towards building postpandemic supply chain resilience in Indian MSMEs: a grey-DEMATEL approach

Purpose This study aims to identify the barriers to building supply chain resilience and assess the contextual relationship between them in the Indian micro, small and medium enterprise (MSME) sector for the post COVID-19 era. Design/methodology/approach Barriers to supply chain resilience were extracted from the extant literature and were evaluated using the grey sets and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach from strategic, tactical and operational business perspectives. The responses from experts on the identified barriers were collected through a structured questionnaire. The prominence-net effect results obtained after the DEMATEL application helped identify the most prominent barriers, their net cause and effect, and their correlation with each other. Findings A total of 16 barriers to resilience, identified from the literature, were considered for analysis. The findings of the study revealed that the lack of flexibility is the most critical causal barrier to building a resilient supply chain. Lack of planned resource management was also found to be an influential barrier. The study also identified the supply chain design, need for collaboration and technological capability as important factors for the MSME sector to focus on. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to assessing barriers to the supply chain resilience of MSMEs in India. More extensive research may be needed to reveal the global trend. Practical implications The study is significantly important for the MSMEs looking to establish resilient supply chains. Managers can use the findings to identify the weak links in the supply chain for strategic and tactical planning and can take corrective actions. Originality/value The study pinpoints the key linkages between barriers that impede MSMEs to make their supply chains resilient and robust to mitigate the impact of future disruptions and adversities. The work may be used by practitioners to further their attention on the significant challenges.

Stochastic optimization of supply chain resilience under ripple effect: A COVID-19 pandemic related study

This paper presents a multi-portfolio approach and scenario-based stochastic MIP (mixed integer programming) models for optimization of supply chain operations under ripple effect. The ripple effect is caused by regional pandemic disruption risks propagated from a single primary source region and triggering delayed regional disruptions of different durations in other regions. The propagated regional disruption risks are assumed to impact both primary and backup suppliers of parts, OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) assembly plants as well as market demand. As a result, simultaneous disruptions in supply, demand and logistics across the entire supply chain is observed. The mitigation and recovery decisions made to improve the supply chain resilience include pre-positioning of RMI (Risk Mitigation Inventory) of parts at OEM plants and ordering recovery supplies from backup suppliers of parts, located outside the primary source region. The decisions are spatiotemporally integrated. The pre-positioning of RMI implemented before a disruptive event is optimized simultaneously with the RMI usage and recovery supply portfolios for the backup suppliers in the aftermath periods. The recovery supplies of parts and production at OEM plants, are coordinated under random availability of suppliers and plants and random market demand. The resilient solutions for the resilient supply portfolios are compared with the non-resilient solutions with no recovery resources available. The findings indicate that the resilient measures commonly used to mitigate the impacts of region-specific disruptions can be successfully applied for mitigation the impacts of multi-regional pandemic disruptions and the ripple effect.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A global-responsive supply chain considering sustainability and resiliency: Application in the medical devices industry

Given the requirements of international businesses, this research addresses the supply chain network design problem in the real-world situation by considering four critical features: sustainability, resiliency, responsiveness, and globalization. For this purpose, a multi-objective mathematical model is proposed that minimizes the environmental impacts and the total costs and maximizes the social impacts while considering the resilience and responsiveness of the global supply chain. Then, the modified fuzzy robust stochastic method is employed to tackle the uncertainty. This study selects one of the most important medical devices during the pandemic (COVID-19) namely the blood bank refrigerator as a case study. Afterwards, the proposed multi-objective model is solved by developing a novel method named as augmented lexicographic weighted Tchebycheff method. Based on the obtained results, an increase in the responsiveness level of the supply chain can lead to increasing the sustainability dimensions, including job opportunities, safety, carbon emission, and economic aspects. Moreover, an increase in demands harms the economic, environmental, and responsiveness targets. The demand has a pivotal role in selecting resilience strategy, as well.